The anchorage of the PILEs on a stiffer soil layer plays an important role to transmit the loads of the superstructure to the soil. Depending on the PILE toe condition, three configurations of PILEs are considered: floating PILEs, rested, and anchored PILEs. To study the effect of the PILE toe condition on the dynamic response of PILE and PILE groups, a three-dimensional finite element modeling of the soil– PILE– slab dynamic interaction is presented. The soil and PILEs are represented as continuum solids and the slab by structural elements. Quiet boundaries are placed at the boundaries of the model to avoid wave reflection. The formulation is based on the substructuring method. The dynamic response is obtained in terms of the dynamic impedances. In this study the dynamic response of the floating, rested, and anchored PILEs are analyzed and the group effect is shown. An analysis of the horizontal and vertical PILE foundation impedances is presented and the results are compared with different configurations.

Rapid foundation should be movable, low weight and high strength to be used in critical situations. In this study, steel foundation is discussed due to high ductile and strength. Thus, steel plate and PILE system is evaluated by plaxis 3d foundation and parameters of length (L), number of steel PILEs (N), thickness (t) and dimensions of plate (B) are studied. The Mohr Coulomb was used to model soil behavior and steel PILEs and plates in dimension of 200, 300 and 500 mm were evaluated. The results show that area ratio of PILE to plate (AS) is affected by bearing capacity and settlement reducing. In this study, while the area ratio of PILE to plate is more than 5%, the bearing capacity ratio (BPI) has increased with increasing length, diameter and number of PILEs. Whereas, the BPI of plate in dimension of 200*200 mm and 500*500 mm in single PILE mode to four PILE mode ratio is increased from 1. 01 to 1. 8 and 1. 01 to 1. 15, respectively.

Introduction Raft FOUNDATIONS are generally used to support buildings and structures, with or without basements, in dry or high ground water table conditions. When the shallow subsoil conditions are unfavorable (unsafe bearing capacity or excessive settlements) then load bearing PILEs can be used for transferring the total loads to more competent soil layers. In many cases, the maximum and differential settlements are the controlling factors to the selection of composite FOUNDATIONS systems including PILEs and raft. The PILEd raft foundation contains three elements of load-bearing; namely PILEs, raft and the underlying soil mass. Matching their relative stiffness, raft foundation distributes the whole load is transferred from the superstructure to the top soil and the connected PILEs. In foundation design, the idea of combining mat foundation and deep FOUNDATIONS as a new option in the topic of foundation engineering has been raised in recent years. The use of deep FOUNDATIONS under mat FOUNDATIONS (PILEd-raft Foundation) can leads to reduce the settlement and the effect of bearing capacity. In conventional design of PILEd FOUNDATIONS, it was usually postulated that the overall load is supported by the PILEs. In composite foundation systems, raft contribution is taken to confirm the bearing capacity in ultimate moment and the serviceability of all over system. Material and methods Composite PILEd-raft FOUNDATIONS including PILE and raft have been considered in this research. Knowing the performance of composite PILEd raft systems is important because of the fact that the decreasing role of differential settlement and PILEs plays the role of supporting the underlying soil and increasing the load bearing capacity of the soil. A case study has been used to analyzing the performance of PILEs and shallow foundation systems in this study. For this purpose, the finite element PLAXIS 3D foundation software is used to analyze the foundation deformation. Raft foundation with a thickness of 0. 3m and dimensions of 6 × 6m, which is located on a uniform sandy soil mass, and depth of raft from the soil surface is 2 m. PILEs with a circular section of length 10 m, a thickness of 0. 5 m and with 9 numbers below and within soil are located. Groundwater level is not considered, which actually indicates that the water level is outside of the 25m thick layer of the sand. In this research, deformation of foundation, moment applied on foundation and also the contribution of PILEs in the bearing of combined system under static loading in sandy soil for the various of PILE lengths 7m to 13m and different thickness of raft 0. 3m to 1m in the PILEd-raft FOUNDATIONS regarding connection of raft and PILEs, has been analyzed. Results and discussion The obtained results indicate that the first to third layouts in the optimal system where the central PILEs are longer, the settlement has had a maximum decline. A comparison of the default composite system with a 10 meter PILE length and an optimal proposed system illustrates that the optimal system in the first and fourth layouts reduces differential settlement of raft in relation to the default system. Applying variations in PILE lengths the optimal system has led to a reduction in the amount of bending moment applied to the raft in all layouts. Composite systems with the first, second and third layout, optimize system utilization effect on increasing the share of PILEs bearing. But in the fourth, with the optimum layout of the composite PILEd-raft system share of PILEs bearing to the total load on the same analogy in the basic system, the less value has been raised this argument that the position of the scattered placement of PILEs are the reason for this issue. The raft thickness of the composite system is another parameter whose performance has been measured against the raft settlement. With the increase in the maximum amount of raft thickness increases the settlement which of course this increasing is small and very different thickness is not notable. By increasing the raft thickness, reducing the differential settlement is sensible but the major settlement reduction in the thickness of 0. 3m to 0. 5m has been occurred. With increasing the raft thickness the value of the moment has been increased. This moment increasing in the PILEd-raft system with disconnected PILEs over other systems in the primary thickness, moment is created about 60 kN and the raft thickness 1m, this moment value has reached more than 100 kN, as well as, by increasing the raft thicknesses, the amount of load share of the PILEs to the total load increased, significantly. Conclusion The following conclusions were drawn from this research.-Use a long PILEs in the center and the shorter PILEs about the raft reduce the maximum settlement, differential settlement and significant reduction of the raft foundation moment, and beside these, PILEs bearing the composite PILEd-raft system is increased. By increasing the raft thickness increases the maximum settlement, mean settlement, bending moment of raft has been increased. The positive effects of increasing the thickness of raft foundation is reducing the differential settlements and increasing the PILE contributions in the bearing. This result has been expected due to increasing the raft mass and rigidity.-The combined PILEd-raft system utilizes connected and disconnected PILEs to the raft and detached from it simultaneously to improve the expected indices.

Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

Nowadays, using the PILE group has special importance due to the transfer of structure load to hard layers of soil or rock. Therefore, any damage to the PILE group can lead to irreparable risks. On the other hand, the importance of explosive loading and the development of passive defence systems require more appropriate measures concerning the effects of explosion loading on the PILE groups. One of the most important parameters in PILE group is PILE space. In this study, the effects of PILE space in the PILE group under explosion loading are investigated. For this purpose, the numerical analysis of the PILE group has been performed using the Abaqus software and by Coupling Eulerian-Lagrange method. According to the results, it was found that increasing the lateral or longitudinal PILE space in the PILE group would improve the condition of the PILE group against the explosive loading.